Texts and Documents

Table of Contents

Introduction
Physical Objects, Conceptual Texts
Core Features
Creation and Publication
Structure
Pages
References to other Entities

Introduction

This section documents the model for documents that contain text, including artworks such as medieval manuscripts, archival material such as letters, ledgers or diaries, scholarly communication such as journals, articles and monographs, digital objects such as web pages, or any other sort of written communication.

The intent is not to be an all-encompassing model that would be suitable for a graph based library management system, archival finding aids, or catalog of any digital resource, but instead to provide sufficient description that the object is identified, understandable and able to be referenced within other more specific systems and ontologies. This model is intended to be enough to use for the basic use cases of referencing texts that are related to artworks, regardless of whether they are held in a library, archive, museum, or on the internet.

Notably, it does not attempt to reproduce the formalisms of FRBR, as manifested by FRBRoo or BibFrame, or other complex conceptual hierarchies, but instead provide as simple as possible a model to accomplish core bibliographic reference tasks.

Physical Objects, Conceptual Texts

The first distinction that is needed is between the physical or digital carrier of the text, and the text itself. Like the VisualItem pattern for the artwork's visual content shown by objects, the LinguisticObject that represents the text of a work can be carried by many HumanMadeObjects. In this way, all of the copies of a particular book carry the same information content, that only needs to be described once and can act as a single connection point.

Like other LinguisticObjects, it can have a content property for the actual text of the work, classifications, languages and so forth.

Example:

Yale University Library holds a copy of Koot's book about The Night Watch.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/yul_10801219/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "Yale's copy of Koot's Night Watch",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300028051",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Book",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435443",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Type of Work"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "identified_by": [
    {
      "type": "Name",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404670",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Primary Name"
        }
      ],
      "content": "Rembrandt's Night Watch. A Fascinating Story"
    },
    {
      "type": "Identifier",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435704",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "System-Assigned Number"
        }
      ],
      "content": "mfhd:10801219"
    }
  ],
  "referred_to_by": [
    {
      "type": "LinguisticObject",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435452",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Physical Statement",
          "classified_as": [
            {
              "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300418049",
              "type": "Type",
              "_label": "Brief Text"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "content": "92 p. with illus."
    }
  ],
  "carries": [
    {
      "id": "https://linked.art/example/text/koot_nightwatch",
      "type": "LinguisticObject",
      "_label": "Content of Koot's Night Watch"
    }
  ]
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(object/yul_10801219/1) class O1 object; O1-- type -->O1_0[HumanMadeObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''Yale's copy of Koot's Night Watch''") class O1_4 literal; O2(aat:300028051) class O2 type; O2-- type -->O2_0[Type] class O2_0 classstyle; O2-- _label -->O2_3("''Book''") class O2_3 literal; O3(aat:300435443) class O3 type; O3-- type -->O3_0[Type] class O3_0 classstyle; O3-- _label -->O3_3("''Type of Work''") class O3_3 literal; O2-- classified_as -->O3 O1-- classified_as -->O2 O4( _ ) class O4 name; O4-- type -->O4_0[Name] class O4_0 classstyle; O5(aat:300404670) class O5 type; O5-- type -->O5_0[Type] class O5_0 classstyle; O5-- _label -->O5_3("''Primary Name''") class O5_3 literal; O4-- classified_as -->O5 O4-- content -->O4_3("''Rembrandt's Night Watch. A Fascinating Story''") class O4_3 literal; O1-- identified_by -->O4 O6( _ ) class O6 name; O6-- type -->O6_0[Identifier] class O6_0 classstyle; O7(aat:300435704) class O7 type; O7-- type -->O7_0[Type] class O7_0 classstyle; O7-- _label -->O7_3("''System-Assigned Number''") class O7_3 literal; O6-- classified_as -->O7 O6-- content -->O6_3("''mfhd:10801219''") class O6_3 literal; O1-- identified_by -->O6 O8( _ ) class O8 infoobj; O8-- type -->O8_0[LinguisticObject] class O8_0 classstyle; O9(aat:300435452) class O9 type; O9-- type -->O9_0[Type] class O9_0 classstyle; O9-- _label -->O9_3("''Physical Statement''") class O9_3 literal; O10(aat:300418049) class O10 type; O10-- type -->O10_0[Type] class O10_0 classstyle; O10-- _label -->O10_3("''Brief Text''") class O10_3 literal; O9-- classified_as -->O10 O8-- classified_as -->O9 O8-- content -->O8_3("''92 p. with illus.''") class O8_3 literal; O1-- referred_to_by -->O8 O11(text/koot_nightwatch) class O11 infoobj; O11-- type -->O11_0[LinguisticObject] class O11_0 classstyle; O11-- _label -->O11_3("''Content of Koot's Night Watch''") class O11_3 literal; O1-- carries -->O11

Other Representations: JSON-LD (raw) | JSON-LD (playground) | Turtle (raw) | Turtle (styled)

Core Features

The same core features of all other resources are also applicable to the LinguisticObjects used to represent texts. They must have an id and type, they should have a label, they should have a classified_as relationship to a Type that further describes the sort of object, and so forth. They may also have a language property, that references a Language instance.

The title of a text is captured using the Name pattern, and assigned identifiers using the Identifier pattern, both with the identified_by relationship.

Example:

The textual content of Koot's work.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/text/koot_nightwatch/1",
  "type": "LinguisticObject",
  "_label": "Content of Koot's Night Watch",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300060417",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Monograph"
    }
  ],
  "identified_by": [
    {
      "type": "Name",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404670",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Primary Name"
        }
      ],
      "content": "Rembrandt's Night Watch. A Fascinating Story"
    },
    {
      "type": "Identifier",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435704",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "System-Assigned Number"
        }
      ],
      "content": "75441784"
    }
  ],
  "language": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300388277",
      "type": "Language",
      "_label": "English"
    }
  ]
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(text/koot_nightwatch/1) class O1 infoobj; O1-- type -->O1_0[LinguisticObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''Content of Koot's Night Watch''") class O1_4 literal; O2(aat:300060417) class O2 type; O2-- type -->O2_0[Type] class O2_0 classstyle; O2-- _label -->O2_3("''Monograph''") class O2_3 literal; O1-- classified_as -->O2 O3( _ ) class O3 name; O3-- type -->O3_0[Name] class O3_0 classstyle; O4(aat:300404670) class O4 type; O4-- type -->O4_0[Type] class O4_0 classstyle; O4-- _label -->O4_3("''Primary Name''") class O4_3 literal; O3-- classified_as -->O4 O3-- content -->O3_3("''Rembrandt's Night Watch. A Fascinating Story''") class O3_3 literal; O1-- identified_by -->O3 O5( _ ) class O5 name; O5-- type -->O5_0[Identifier] class O5_0 classstyle; O6(aat:300435704) class O6 type; O6-- type -->O6_0[Type] class O6_0 classstyle; O6-- _label -->O6_3("''System-Assigned Number''") class O6_3 literal; O5-- classified_as -->O6 O5-- content -->O5_3("''75441784''") class O5_3 literal; O1-- identified_by -->O5 O7(aat:300388277) class O7 type; O7-- type -->O7_0[Language] class O7_0 classstyle; O7-- _label -->O7_3("''English''") class O7_3 literal; O1-- language -->O7

Other Representations: JSON-LD (raw) | JSON-LD (playground) | Turtle (raw) | Turtle (styled)

Creation and Publication

The production of the physical carriers of texts uses the same model as for other physical objects, and may be of interest for manuscripts, very early printed works (incunabula), letters or other similar documents, however the factory details for a specific modern book are likely of much less importance to capture.

There are two primary text-specific activities that are captured -- the creation of the text and its publication. The text is created by a Creation activity of the author, but then there is a publishing Activity (aat:300054686) carried out by the publishing organization, for the same resource.

Example:

The authorship and publication of the text.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/text/koot_nightwatch/2",
  "type": "LinguisticObject",
  "_label": "Content of Koot's Night Watch",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300060417",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Monograph"
    }
  ],
  "created_by": {
    "type": "Creation",
    "_label": "Koot's writing of the work",
    "carried_out_by": [
      {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/person/koot",
        "type": "Person",
        "_label": "Ton Koot"
      }
    ]
  },
  "used_for": [
    {
      "type": "Activity",
      "_label": "MI's Publishing",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300054686",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Publishing"
        }
      ],
      "timespan": {
        "type": "TimeSpan",
        "begin_of_the_begin": "1969-01-01T00:00:00Z",
        "end_of_the_end": "1969-12-31T23:59:59Z"
      },
      "carried_out_by": [
        {
          "id": "https://linked.art/example/group/meulenhoff",
          "type": "Group",
          "_label": "Meulenhoff International"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(text/koot_nightwatch/2) class O1 infoobj; O1-- type -->O1_0[LinguisticObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''Content of Koot's Night Watch''") class O1_4 literal; O2(aat:300060417) class O2 type; O2-- type -->O2_0[Type] class O2_0 classstyle; O2-- _label -->O2_3("''Monograph''") class O2_3 literal; O1-- classified_as -->O2 O3( _ ) class O3 event; O3-- type -->O3_0[Creation] class O3_0 classstyle; O3-- _label -->O3_2("''Koot's writing of the work''") class O3_2 literal; O4(person/koot) class O4 actor; O4-- type -->O4_0[Person] class O4_0 classstyle; O4-- _label -->O4_3("''Ton Koot''") class O4_3 literal; O3-- carried_out_by -->O4 O1-- created_by -->O3 O5( _ ) class O5 event; O5-- type -->O5_0[Activity] class O5_0 classstyle; O5-- _label -->O5_2("''MI's Publishing''") class O5_2 literal; O6(aat:300054686) class O6 type; O6-- type -->O6_0[Type] class O6_0 classstyle; O6-- _label -->O6_3("''Publishing''") class O6_3 literal; O5-- classified_as -->O6 O7( _ ) class O7 timespan; O7-- type -->O7_0[TimeSpan] class O7_0 classstyle; O7-- begin_of_the_begin -->O7_2("''1969-01-01T00:00:00Z''") class O7_2 literal; O7-- end_of_the_end -->O7_3("''1969-12-31T23:59:59Z''") class O7_3 literal; O5-- timespan -->O7 O8(group/meulenhoff) class O8 actor; O8-- type -->O8_0[Group] class O8_0 classstyle; O8-- _label -->O8_3("''Meulenhoff International''") class O8_3 literal; O5-- carried_out_by -->O8 O1-- used_for -->O5

Other Representations: JSON-LD (raw) | JSON-LD (playground) | Turtle (raw) | Turtle (styled)

Structure

The textual structure can be modeled with the partitioning of LinguisticObjects via the part_of property, in the same way that the parts of a physical object can be partitioned. Thus the content of an Article can be part of the containing Issue, which is part of a Volume, which is part of the Journal or other periodical. Similarly Chapters can be part of a Book or Proceedings, particular entries within a catalog, and so forth.

Note that unless it is important to create a separate record (for example the chapter is written by a different author, or there are other significant details), then it is also possible to add the description of the structure as a note, using the Statement pattern.

Example:

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/text/koot_nightwatch_ch1/1",
  "type": "LinguisticObject",
  "_label": "Chapter 1 of Koot",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300311699",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Chapter"
    }
  ],
  "identified_by": [
    {
      "type": "Name",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404670",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Primary Name"
        }
      ],
      "content": "Introduction"
    }
  ],
  "part_of": [
    {
      "id": "https://linked.art/example/text/koot_nightwatch",
      "type": "LinguisticObject",
      "_label": "Koot's Night Watch"
    }
  ]
}

Other Representations: JSON-LD (raw) | JSON-LD (playground) | Turtle (raw) | Turtle (styled)

Pages

Textual content is typically presented on pages or folios. As there might be many physical copies with the same structure, it is common to describe the pagination of the content as it applies to the content in general, rather than the many physical objects that carry that content. This is justifiable, not only for convenience, but also because the text is divided up across those pages. Pagination (aat:300200294) or Foliation (aat:300200662) statements are the most common way to represent this, as simple descriptive fields following the core statement pattern.

The structured way is to have a Dimension associated with the object or work that gives the count of pages. This follows the regular pattern for counting parts. The easiest way to describe the page range of a particular section of a larger collection is with a pagination statement. The disadvantage of the approach is that it is not computationally available for processing.

Example:

The introduction chapter to Koot's book is 10 pages long.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/text/koot_nightwatch_ch1/2",
  "type": "LinguisticObject",
  "_label": "Chapter 1 of Koot",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300311699",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Chapter"
    }
  ],
  "identified_by": [
    {
      "type": "Name",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404670",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Primary Name"
        }
      ],
      "content": "Introduction"
    }
  ],
  "referred_to_by": [
    {
      "type": "LinguisticObject",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435440",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Pagination Statement",
          "classified_as": [
            {
              "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300418049",
              "type": "Type",
              "_label": "Brief Text"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "content": "5 - 10"
    }
  ],
  "dimension": [
    {
      "type": "Dimension",
      "_label": "10 pages",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404433",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Count Of"
        }
      ],
      "value": 10,
      "unit": {
        "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300194222",
        "type": "MeasurementUnit",
        "_label": "Pages"
      }
    }
  ]
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(text/koot_nightwatch_ch1/2) class O1 infoobj; O1-- type -->O1_0[LinguisticObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''Chapter 1 of Koot''") class O1_4 literal; O2(aat:300311699) class O2 type; O2-- type -->O2_0[Type] class O2_0 classstyle; O2-- _label -->O2_3("''Chapter''") class O2_3 literal; O1-- classified_as -->O2 O3( _ ) class O3 name; O3-- type -->O3_0[Name] class O3_0 classstyle; O4(aat:300404670) class O4 type; O4-- type -->O4_0[Type] class O4_0 classstyle; O4-- _label -->O4_3("''Primary Name''") class O4_3 literal; O3-- classified_as -->O4 O3-- content -->O3_3("''Introduction''") class O3_3 literal; O1-- identified_by -->O3 O5( _ ) class O5 infoobj; O5-- type -->O5_0[LinguisticObject] class O5_0 classstyle; O6(aat:300435440) class O6 type; O6-- type -->O6_0[Type] class O6_0 classstyle; O6-- _label -->O6_3("''Pagination Statement''") class O6_3 literal; O7(aat:300418049) class O7 type; O7-- type -->O7_0[Type] class O7_0 classstyle; O7-- _label -->O7_3("''Brief Text''") class O7_3 literal; O6-- classified_as -->O7 O5-- classified_as -->O6 O5-- content -->O5_3("''5 - 10''") class O5_3 literal; O1-- referred_to_by -->O5 O8( _ ) class O8 dims; O8-- type -->O8_0[Dimension] class O8_0 classstyle; O8-- _label -->O8_2("''10 pages''") class O8_2 literal; O9(aat:300404433) class O9 type; O9-- type -->O9_0[Type] class O9_0 classstyle; O9-- _label -->O9_3("''Count Of''") class O9_3 literal; O8-- classified_as -->O9 O8-- value -->O8_4(10) class O8_4 literal; O10(aat:300194222) class O10 type; O10-- type -->O10_0[MeasurementUnit] class O10_0 classstyle; O10-- _label -->O10_3("''Pages''") class O10_3 literal; O8-- unit -->O10 O1-- dimension -->O8

Other Representations: JSON-LD (raw) | JSON-LD (playground) | Turtle (raw) | Turtle (styled)

References to other Entities

Textual content can be about other resources in the overall model.

Example:

Koot's book is about The Night Watch.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/text/koot_nightwatch/3",
  "type": "LinguisticObject",
  "_label": "Content of Koot's Night Watch",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300060417",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Monograph"
    }
  ],
  "about": [
    {
      "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/nightwatch",
      "type": "HumanMadeObject",
      "_label": "The Night Watch"
    }
  ]
}

Other Representations: JSON-LD (raw) | JSON-LD (playground) | Turtle (raw) | Turtle (styled)