Object Production and Destruction

Table of Contents

Introduction
Base Production Activity
Techniques and Classifications
- Techniques
Multiple Artists (with Different Roles)
Objects Related to the Production
- Inspirations, Studies or Copies
- Reproduction from an Identifiable Source
Cause of Production
Unidentified or Unknown Artist
Attribution Qualifiers
Production by Removal
Discovery versus Production
Destruction
- Cause of Destruction

Introduction

This section covers the beginning and ending of objects' existence, along with the attribution of the artist to the production of the object.

Base Production Activity

The first activity in an object's lifecycle is its creation, which is described using the Production class. The relationship from the object to the activity is produced_by, and the Production activity itself follows the general base activity model with the description of time, location and agents.

Example:

Similar to the Production example in the basic patterns, "The Night Watch" was created by Rembrandt in Amsterdam in 1642.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/nightwatch/5",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "Night Watch by Rembrandt",
  "produced_by": {
    "type": "Production",
    "timespan": {
      "type": "TimeSpan",
      "_label": "1642",
      "begin_of_the_begin": "1642-01-01T00:00:00Z",
      "end_of_the_end": "1642-12-31T23:59:59Z"
    },
    "took_place_at": [
      {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/place/amsterdam",
        "type": "Place",
        "_label": "Amsterdam"
      }
    ],
    "carried_out_by": [
      {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/person/rembrandt",
        "type": "Person",
        "_label": "Rembrandt"
      }
    ]
  }
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(object/nightwatch/5) class O1 object; O1-- type -->O1_0[HumanMadeObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''Night Watch by Rembrandt''") class O1_4 literal; O2( _ ) class O2 event; O2-- type -->O2_0[Production] class O2_0 classstyle; O3( _ ) class O3 timespan; O3-- type -->O3_0[TimeSpan] class O3_0 classstyle; O3-- _label -->O3_2("''1642''") class O3_2 literal; O3-- begin_of_the_begin -->O3_3("''1642-01-01T00:00:00Z''") class O3_3 literal; O3-- end_of_the_end -->O3_4("''1642-12-31T23:59:59Z''") class O3_4 literal; O2-- timespan -->O3 O4(place/amsterdam) class O4 place; O4-- type -->O4_0[Place] class O4_0 classstyle; O4-- _label -->O4_3("''Amsterdam''") class O4_3 literal; O2-- took_place_at -->O4 O5(person/rembrandt) class O5 actor; O5-- type -->O5_0[Person] class O5_0 classstyle; O5-- _label -->O5_3("''Rembrandt''") class O5_3 literal; O2-- carried_out_by -->O5 O1-- produced_by -->O2

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Techniques and Classifications

We distinguish between techniques used to create the artwork, and other classifications. Techniques have their own property (technique rather than classified_as) and can thus easily be distinguished from other classifications.

Techniques

If there is a particular technique known to have been used in the creation of the object, this can be expressed using the technique property, referring to a controlled vocabulary term for the technique. This should be used to capture specific techniques or methods, and the base classified_as property used for more general classifications of the activity. More general classifications are more common on individual roles, discussed below.

Example:

The sculpture "Bust of a Man" was created by Francis Hardwood using the sculpting technique.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/bust/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "Bust of a Man",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300047090",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Sculpture",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435443",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Type of Work"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "produced_by": {
    "type": "Production",
    "technique": [
      {
        "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300264383",
        "type": "Type",
        "_label": "Sculpting"
      }
    ],
    "carried_out_by": [
      {
        "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/ulan/500015886",
        "type": "Person",
        "_label": "Francis Harwood"
      }
    ]
  }
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(object/bust/1) class O1 object; O1-- type -->O1_0[HumanMadeObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''Bust of a Man''") class O1_4 literal; O2(aat:300047090) class O2 type; O2-- type -->O2_0[Type] class O2_0 classstyle; O2-- _label -->O2_3("''Sculpture''") class O2_3 literal; O3(aat:300435443) class O3 type; O3-- type -->O3_0[Type] class O3_0 classstyle; O3-- _label -->O3_3("''Type of Work''") class O3_3 literal; O2-- classified_as -->O3 O1-- classified_as -->O2 O4( _ ) class O4 event; O4-- type -->O4_0[Production] class O4_0 classstyle; O5(aat:300264383) class O5 type; O5-- type -->O5_0[Type] class O5_0 classstyle; O5-- _label -->O5_3("''Sculpting''") class O5_3 literal; O4-- technique -->O5 O6(ulan:500015886) class O6 actor; O6-- type -->O6_0[Person] class O6_0 classstyle; O6-- _label -->O6_3("''Francis Harwood''") class O6_3 literal; O4-- carried_out_by -->O6 O1-- produced_by -->O4

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Multiple Artists (with Different Roles)

If there are multiple artists collaborating on the same piece of artwork, then we follow the partitioning pattern of creating separate parts of the main Production activity. Each of these components captures the details of one particular artist's role in the production of the object. This allows us to assert different properties for each artist's contribution, including different times, techniques, roles, locations or influences.

For consistency, it is RECOMMENDED that this pattern also be used for production activities when only one artist is known, such that it is easier to add further contributors to the work without restructuring the content. However this is not required, to ensure compatibility with existing systems.

Note that these parts of productions can also have statements associated with them, describing the role in more detail beyond just the classification, technique or other structured data.

Example:

A painted textile called "RÜN", where the linen was hand-woven by Sarah Parke and then painted by Mark Barrow.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/run/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "RUN",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300033618",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Painting",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435443",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Type of Work"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "produced_by": {
    "type": "Production",
    "part": [
      {
        "type": "Production",
        "technique": [
          {
            "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300054216",
            "type": "Type",
            "_label": "Painting"
          }
        ],
        "carried_out_by": [
          {
            "id": "https://linked.art/example/person/barrow",
            "type": "Person",
            "_label": "Mark Barrow"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "type": "Production",
        "technique": [
          {
            "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300053643",
            "type": "Type",
            "_label": "hand weaving"
          }
        ],
        "carried_out_by": [
          {
            "id": "https://linked.art/example/person/parke",
            "type": "Person",
            "_label": "Sarah Parke"
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(object/run/1) class O1 object; O1-- type -->O1_0[HumanMadeObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''RUN''") class O1_4 literal; O2(aat:300033618) class O2 type; O2-- type -->O2_0[Type] class O2_0 classstyle; O2-- _label -->O2_3("''Painting''") class O2_3 literal; O3(aat:300435443) class O3 type; O3-- type -->O3_0[Type] class O3_0 classstyle; O3-- _label -->O3_3("''Type of Work''") class O3_3 literal; O2-- classified_as -->O3 O1-- classified_as -->O2 O4( _ ) class O4 event; O4-- type -->O4_0[Production] class O4_0 classstyle; O5( _ ) class O5 event; O5-- type -->O5_0[Production] class O5_0 classstyle; O6(aat:300054216) class O6 type; O6-- type -->O6_0[Type] class O6_0 classstyle; O6-- _label -->O6_3("''Painting''") class O6_3 literal; O5-- technique -->O6 O7(person/barrow) class O7 actor; O7-- type -->O7_0[Person] class O7_0 classstyle; O7-- _label -->O7_3("''Mark Barrow''") class O7_3 literal; O5-- carried_out_by -->O7 O4-- part -->O5 O8( _ ) class O8 event; O8-- type -->O8_0[Production] class O8_0 classstyle; O9(aat:300053643) class O9 type; O9-- type -->O9_0[Type] class O9_0 classstyle; O9-- _label -->O9_3("''hand weaving''") class O9_3 literal; O8-- technique -->O9 O10(person/parke) class O10 actor; O10-- type -->O10_0[Person] class O10_0 classstyle; O10-- _label -->O10_3("''Sarah Parke''") class O10_3 literal; O8-- carried_out_by -->O10 O4-- part -->O8 O1-- produced_by -->O4

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Other objects can play critical roles in the production of artwork, such as copying or being inspired by another artwork, or the use of the same source to create an artwork, either mechanically or manually, such as the negative used for printing a photograph or the plate used to print an etching.

Inspirations, Studies or Copies

Some artworks are copies of, or clearly directly inspired by, others. This relationship with another work can be captured with the influenced_by property of the Production activity. The copy could be from memory or with the copied object physically present, and it could be a faithful reproduction or merely recognizably similar. This includes studies done for the final version of the work. The exact nature of the influence is not captured in the model.

Example:

In 1964, Deane Keller created a copy of Daniel Huntington's portrait of James Dwight Dana, from 1858.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/kellerdana/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "Copy of Huntington Portrait",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300033618",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Painting",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435443",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Type of Work"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "produced_by": {
    "type": "Production",
    "carried_out_by": [
      {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/person/keller",
        "type": "Person",
        "_label": "Deane Keller"
      }
    ],
    "influenced_by": [
      {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/huntingtondana",
        "type": "HumanMadeObject",
        "_label": "Huntington Portrait of Dana"
      }
    ]
  }
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(object/kellerdana/1) class O1 object; O1-- type -->O1_0[HumanMadeObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''Copy of Huntington Portrait''") class O1_4 literal; O2(aat:300033618) class O2 type; O2-- type -->O2_0[Type] class O2_0 classstyle; O2-- _label -->O2_3("''Painting''") class O2_3 literal; O3(aat:300435443) class O3 type; O3-- type -->O3_0[Type] class O3_0 classstyle; O3-- _label -->O3_3("''Type of Work''") class O3_3 literal; O2-- classified_as -->O3 O1-- classified_as -->O2 O4( _ ) class O4 event; O4-- type -->O4_0[Production] class O4_0 classstyle; O5(person/keller) class O5 actor; O5-- type -->O5_0[Person] class O5_0 classstyle; O5-- _label -->O5_3("''Deane Keller''") class O5_3 literal; O4-- carried_out_by -->O5 O6(object/huntingtondana) class O6 object; O6-- type -->O6_0[HumanMadeObject] class O6_0 classstyle; O6-- _label -->O6_3("''Huntington Portrait of Dana''") class O6_3 literal; O4-- influenced_by -->O6 O1-- produced_by -->O4

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Reproduction from an Identifiable Source

Many objects are created directly from a source, such as a photograph being printed from a negative, a print created from a woodcut, or a sculpture made from a cast. The use of the particular source object can be captured as part of the description of the Production of the object using the used_specific_object property.

Note that all of the art objects created from the same source will show the same image, be it flat or three dimensional. The source also shows the same image, albeit likely somehow reversed. The image is modeled as a VisualItem that all of the physical objects show, allowing us to group the objects together. For more information about the work, see the section on aboutness.

Equipment or tools such as a particular camera or palette would also be modeled with the same property used_specific_object, however would not (of course) show the same visual item as the main work.

Example:

Copies of a photograph, taken by Alfred Stieglitz of Georgia O'Keeffe, are printed from the same negative at different times and now owned by different organizations: Yale University Art Gallery, National Gallery of Art, and the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/okeeffe-gok/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "GOK 1918, GOKM",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300046300",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Photograph",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435443",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Type of Work"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "identified_by": [
    {
      "type": "Identifier",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300312355",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Accession Number"
        }
      ],
      "content": "2014.3.78"
    }
  ],
  "shows": [
    {
      "id": "https://linked.art/example/visual/okeeffe",
      "type": "VisualItem",
      "_label": "Visual Content of GOK 1918"
    }
  ],
  "produced_by": {
    "type": "Production",
    "_label": "Printing of Photograph",
    "used_specific_object": [
      {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/okeeffe-negative",
        "type": "HumanMadeObject",
        "_label": "Negative of GOK 1918"
      }
    ]
  }
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(object/okeeffe-gok/1) class O1 object; O1-- type -->O1_0[HumanMadeObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''GOK 1918, GOKM''") class O1_4 literal; O2(aat:300046300) class O2 type; O2-- type -->O2_0[Type] class O2_0 classstyle; O2-- _label -->O2_3("''Photograph''") class O2_3 literal; O3(aat:300435443) class O3 type; O3-- type -->O3_0[Type] class O3_0 classstyle; O3-- _label -->O3_3("''Type of Work''") class O3_3 literal; O2-- classified_as -->O3 O1-- classified_as -->O2 O4( _ ) class O4 name; O4-- type -->O4_0[Identifier] class O4_0 classstyle; O5(aat:300312355) class O5 type; O5-- type -->O5_0[Type] class O5_0 classstyle; O5-- _label -->O5_3("''Accession Number''") class O5_3 literal; O4-- classified_as -->O5 O4-- content -->O4_3("''2014.3.78''") class O4_3 literal; O1-- identified_by -->O4 O6(visual/okeeffe) class O6 infoobj; O6-- type -->O6_0[VisualItem] class O6_0 classstyle; O6-- _label -->O6_3("''Visual Content of GOK 1918''") class O6_3 literal; O1-- shows -->O6 O7( _ ) class O7 event; O7-- type -->O7_0[Production] class O7_0 classstyle; O7-- _label -->O7_2("''Printing of Photograph''") class O7_2 literal; O8(object/okeeffe-negative) class O8 object; O8-- type -->O8_0[HumanMadeObject] class O8_0 classstyle; O8-- _label -->O8_3("''Negative of GOK 1918''") class O8_3 literal; O7-- used_specific_object -->O8 O1-- produced_by -->O7

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{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/okeeffe-yuag/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "GOK 1918, YUAG",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300046300",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Photograph",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435443",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Type of Work"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "identified_by": [
    {
      "type": "Identifier",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300312355",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Accession Number"
        }
      ],
      "content": "2016.101.242"
    }
  ],
  "shows": [
    {
      "id": "https://linked.art/example/visual/okeeffe",
      "type": "VisualItem",
      "_label": "Visual Content of GOK 1918"
    }
  ],
  "produced_by": {
    "type": "Production",
    "_label": "Printing of Photograph",
    "used_specific_object": [
      {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/okeeffe-negative",
        "type": "HumanMadeObject",
        "_label": "Negative of GOK 1918"
      }
    ]
  }
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(object/okeeffe-yuag/1) class O1 object; O1-- type -->O1_0[HumanMadeObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''GOK 1918, YUAG''") class O1_4 literal; O2(aat:300046300) class O2 type; O2-- type -->O2_0[Type] class O2_0 classstyle; O2-- _label -->O2_3("''Photograph''") class O2_3 literal; O3(aat:300435443) class O3 type; O3-- type -->O3_0[Type] class O3_0 classstyle; O3-- _label -->O3_3("''Type of Work''") class O3_3 literal; O2-- classified_as -->O3 O1-- classified_as -->O2 O4( _ ) class O4 name; O4-- type -->O4_0[Identifier] class O4_0 classstyle; O5(aat:300312355) class O5 type; O5-- type -->O5_0[Type] class O5_0 classstyle; O5-- _label -->O5_3("''Accession Number''") class O5_3 literal; O4-- classified_as -->O5 O4-- content -->O4_3("''2016.101.242''") class O4_3 literal; O1-- identified_by -->O4 O6(visual/okeeffe) class O6 infoobj; O6-- type -->O6_0[VisualItem] class O6_0 classstyle; O6-- _label -->O6_3("''Visual Content of GOK 1918''") class O6_3 literal; O1-- shows -->O6 O7( _ ) class O7 event; O7-- type -->O7_0[Production] class O7_0 classstyle; O7-- _label -->O7_2("''Printing of Photograph''") class O7_2 literal; O8(object/okeeffe-negative) class O8 object; O8-- type -->O8_0[HumanMadeObject] class O8_0 classstyle; O8-- _label -->O8_3("''Negative of GOK 1918''") class O8_3 literal; O7-- used_specific_object -->O8 O1-- produced_by -->O7

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Example:

A print at the Yale Center for British Art, Chaucer's Canterbury Pilgrims, made from a specific copper plate held at the Yale University Art Gallery.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/ccp/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "Chaucer's Canterbury Pilgrims",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300041273",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Print",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435443",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Type of Work"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "produced_by": {
    "type": "Production",
    "_label": "Printing from Plate",
    "used_specific_object": [
      {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/ccp-plate",
        "type": "HumanMadeObject",
        "_label": "Plate for CCP"
      }
    ]
  }
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(object/ccp/1) class O1 object; O1-- type -->O1_0[HumanMadeObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''Chaucer's Canterbury Pilgrims''") class O1_4 literal; O2(aat:300041273) class O2 type; O2-- type -->O2_0[Type] class O2_0 classstyle; O2-- _label -->O2_3("''Print''") class O2_3 literal; O3(aat:300435443) class O3 type; O3-- type -->O3_0[Type] class O3_0 classstyle; O3-- _label -->O3_3("''Type of Work''") class O3_3 literal; O2-- classified_as -->O3 O1-- classified_as -->O2 O4( _ ) class O4 event; O4-- type -->O4_0[Production] class O4_0 classstyle; O4-- _label -->O4_2("''Printing from Plate''") class O4_2 literal; O5(object/ccp-plate) class O5 object; O5-- type -->O5_0[HumanMadeObject] class O5_0 classstyle; O5-- _label -->O5_3("''Plate for CCP''") class O5_3 literal; O4-- used_specific_object -->O5 O1-- produced_by -->O4

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{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/ccp-plate/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "Plate for CCP",
  "made_of": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300011020",
      "type": "Material",
      "_label": "copper"
    }
  ]
}

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Cause of Production

Artworks are frequently commissioned, where an artist agrees to create the artwork and the commissioner agrees to compensate the artist for his efforts. The modeling of the commission is described in the Provenance section, as an exchange of promises, and potentially also Payments. The object can refer to this Activity in its Production with the caused_by property.

Example:

The production of the Nuveen Painting was caused by its commissioning.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/nuveen/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "Nuveen Painting",
  "identified_by": [
    {
      "type": "Name",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404670",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Primary Name"
        }
      ],
      "content": "The Nuveen Painting"
    }
  ],
  "produced_by": {
    "type": "Production",
    "carried_out_by": [
      {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/person/dine",
        "type": "Person",
        "_label": "Jim Dine"
      }
    ],
    "caused_by": [
      {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/event/nuveen_commission",
        "type": "Activity",
        "_label": "Commission"
      }
    ]
  }
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(object/nuveen/1) class O1 object; O1-- type -->O1_0[HumanMadeObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''Nuveen Painting''") class O1_4 literal; O2( _ ) class O2 name; O2-- type -->O2_0[Name] class O2_0 classstyle; O3(aat:300404670) class O3 type; O3-- type -->O3_0[Type] class O3_0 classstyle; O3-- _label -->O3_3("''Primary Name''") class O3_3 literal; O2-- classified_as -->O3 O2-- content -->O2_3("''The Nuveen Painting''") class O2_3 literal; O1-- identified_by -->O2 O4( _ ) class O4 event; O4-- type -->O4_0[Production] class O4_0 classstyle; O5(person/dine) class O5 actor; O5-- type -->O5_0[Person] class O5_0 classstyle; O5-- _label -->O5_3("''Jim Dine''") class O5_3 literal; O4-- carried_out_by -->O5 O6(event/nuveen_commission) class O6 event; O6-- type -->O6_0[Activity] class O6_0 classstyle; O6-- _label -->O6_3("''Commission''") class O6_3 literal; O4-- caused_by -->O6 O1-- produced_by -->O4

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Unidentified or Unknown Artist

Many objects are created by an unknown or unidentified artist. While it is possible to have a different Person record with "Unidentified Artist" as the name, this quickly creates a huge number of identified people in the system with only a single reference to each. Instead, it is recommended to create a Group record to represent all unidentified artists, and then each object would have its Production carried_out_by the Group, meaning one (or more) people within that artificial set of people.

If some features of the artist is know, for example their nationality or the century in which they were active, these can be additional Groups with these properties.

Example:

The Coppa Amatoria was created by an unidentified artist or artists from Italy.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/coppa/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "Coppa Amatoria",
  "identified_by": [
    {
      "type": "Name",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404670",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Primary Name"
        }
      ],
      "content": "Coppa Amatoria"
    }
  ],
  "produced_by": {
    "type": "Production",
    "carried_out_by": [
      {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/group/unknown_italian",
        "type": "Group",
        "_label": "Unidentified Italian"
      }
    ]
  }
}

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Attribution Qualifiers

Influenced By an Artist

If there is some connection between the production of the object and someone who was not the artist directly but influenced the production, then the influenced_by property can be used to reference that person. These are often expressed as "after", "in the style of", or "in the manner of" attributions -- they qualify the attribution by relating the production to someone (likely as embodied by their work, rather than through a personal connection) that directly influenced it.

Example:

The painting "Wash Day" was intentionally created in the manner of Winslow Homer.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/washday/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "Wash Day",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300033618",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Painting",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435443",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Type of Work"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "identified_by": [
    {
      "type": "Name",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404670",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Primary Name"
        }
      ],
      "content": "Wash Day"
    }
  ],
  "produced_by": {
    "type": "Production",
    "influenced_by": [
      {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/person/whomer",
        "type": "Person",
        "_label": "Winslow Homer"
      }
    ]
  }
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(object/washday/1) class O1 object; O1-- type -->O1_0[HumanMadeObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''Wash Day''") class O1_4 literal; O2(aat:300033618) class O2 type; O2-- type -->O2_0[Type] class O2_0 classstyle; O2-- _label -->O2_3("''Painting''") class O2_3 literal; O3(aat:300435443) class O3 type; O3-- type -->O3_0[Type] class O3_0 classstyle; O3-- _label -->O3_3("''Type of Work''") class O3_3 literal; O2-- classified_as -->O3 O1-- classified_as -->O2 O4( _ ) class O4 name; O4-- type -->O4_0[Name] class O4_0 classstyle; O5(aat:300404670) class O5 type; O5-- type -->O5_0[Type] class O5_0 classstyle; O5-- _label -->O5_3("''Primary Name''") class O5_3 literal; O4-- classified_as -->O5 O4-- content -->O4_3("''Wash Day''") class O4_3 literal; O1-- identified_by -->O4 O6( _ ) class O6 event; O6-- type -->O6_0[Production] class O6_0 classstyle; O7(person/whomer) class O7 actor; O7-- type -->O7_0[Person] class O7_0 classstyle; O7-- _label -->O7_3("''Winslow Homer''") class O7_3 literal; O6-- influenced_by -->O7 O1-- produced_by -->O6

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Even if the artist's or artists' identity is not known exactly, the person or people may be known to have been part of a group, such as the workshop of a more famous "master". In this case, the Group that represents the workshop can be the actor that carries out the Production: this does not mean that every member of the group participated, just that at least one of them did, in the same way that saying that a document was written or published by an organization does not imply all employees contributed to that effort.

We can use the influenced_by property on the Formation (the creation) of the group to connect it to a known person -- the "master" of the workshop in the example use case. The "master" might not have participated in the group, or even been alive when it was formed, and hence does not necessarily form the group or was even a member of it.

This approach can be used for workshops, studios, the set of pupils, followers, and so forth. It is not that the entire Group created the object, but that one or more of them did.

Example:

The "Bust of a Man" object described above was previously thought to have been created by the Studio of Francis Harwood, a Group. The example below is the record for the Group.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/group/harwoodstudio/1",
  "type": "Group",
  "_label": "Studio of Francis Harwood",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404275",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Studio"
    }
  ],
  "formed_by": {
    "type": "Formation",
    "influenced_by": [
      {
        "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/ulan/500015886",
        "type": "Person",
        "_label": "Francis Harwood"
      }
    ]
  }
}

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Uncertain or Changing Attributions

A piece of information associated with historical artworks that can change as research and understanding improves is the identity of the artist that produced it. The actor that is referenced in carried_out_by is the current opinion, but previous attributions can still be recorded. The pattern used for this is described in more detail in the assertions section of the documentation.

Production by Removal

It is possible for an object to come into documentary existence when it is removed from a larger object. The production of the part is simply part of the production of the whole, but until it is removed, it does not need a separate identity or existence.

This occurs reasonably frequently, for both valid and unscrupulous motivations. In the work of conservation, it is often necessary to remove a tiny flake of an object to experiment with, before applying the method to the whole. If there are unexpected side effects of the experiment, then the whole object is saved at the expense of an unnoticeable change. It is important to know that the sample was produced in the past and removed in the present, rather than it was created in the present.

A second scenario when this occurs is unfortunately common. If an object, such as a medieval manuscript, can be sold for a higher profit by splitting it up into parts and selling each part individually, then unscrupulous sellers will do just that. Rather than sell an innocuous book of hours to a single buyer, instead each illumination can be sold individually and then the remaining text-bearing pages either dumped or sold over time at a greatly reduced price. This dispersal of manuscripts still occurs today.

In order to model this, instead of a Production, the object is removed_by a PartRemoval activity. That activity is just like all other activities, however it also has a diminished property that refers to the whole object from which the part was removed. It is not normally useful to have a separate Production for the part, if the information about the source object it was removed from is known.

Example:

The collection item is a page from a gradual (manuscript) by the Master of the Libro dei Notai. Source

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/gradualpage/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "Page from a Gradual",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300194222",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Page",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435443",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Type of Work"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "removed_by": [
    {
      "type": "PartRemoval",
      "diminished": {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/gradual",
        "type": "HumanMadeObject",
        "_label": "Gradual"
      }
    }
  ]
}

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Discovery versus Production

If the object enters into documented history by being found, rather than created, then instead of a Production entry, there is an Encounter. This would be appropriate for fossils, gemstones, or other natural history items, along with objects that were created but no information is available about that production or the "discovery" of the object is the first significant entry in the item's provenance. This pattern may only be used for the discovery of the object, rather than other sorts of encounters.

Encounters may also be recorded as separate events, as described in the provenance section. The separate event must be used for any encounter that is not a discovery.

Instead of produced_by, the property used is encountered_by, and the class of the activity is Encounter. All of the other patterns are the same, including where the encounter took place, who encountered it, when it occurred and so forth. The role pattern also applies, with the parts of the encounter also being Encounters.

Example:

The fossil Torosaurus (VP.04072) was encountered in 1891 by John Bell Hatcher.

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/torosaurus/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "Torosaurus Gladius",
  "encountered_by": [
    {
      "type": "Encounter",
      "timespan": {
        "type": "TimeSpan",
        "begin_of_the_begin": "1891-01-01T00:00:00Z",
        "end_of_the_end": "1891-12-31T23:59:59Z"
      },
      "carried_out_by": [
        {
          "id": "https://linked.art/example/person/hatcher",
          "type": "Person",
          "_label": "John Bell Hatcher"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

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Destruction

The end of the provenance chain of an object is when it is known to have been destroyed. Loss of the object leaves the chain open ended as it might be recovered in the future, however if the object is destroyed then there is no coming back. Objects should, thus, only be recorded as destroyed if they are known to be so.

The model uses a Destruction class that represents the going out of existence of the object. A destruction only applies to a single object, and thus every object has their own destruction, even if that destruction was caused by the same wider event or activity. This means that the Destruction is not carried_out_by an actor, but instead (as in the following section) another activity causes the destruction.

Example:

The painting "Le Peintre" by Picasso was destroyed (in a plane crash) on September 2nd, 1998 at about 10:30pm. Source

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/lepeintre/1",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "Le Peintre by Picasso",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300033618",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Painting",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435443",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Type of Work"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "destroyed_by": {
    "type": "Destruction",
    "_label": "Destruction of Le Peintre",
    "timespan": {
      "type": "TimeSpan",
      "begin_of_the_begin": "1998-09-02T22:20:00Z",
      "end_of_the_end": "1998-09-02T22:40:00Z"
    }
  }
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(object/lepeintre/1) class O1 object; O1-- type -->O1_0[HumanMadeObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''Le Peintre by Picasso''") class O1_4 literal; O2(aat:300033618) class O2 type; O2-- type -->O2_0[Type] class O2_0 classstyle; O2-- _label -->O2_3("''Painting''") class O2_3 literal; O3(aat:300435443) class O3 type; O3-- type -->O3_0[Type] class O3_0 classstyle; O3-- _label -->O3_3("''Type of Work''") class O3_3 literal; O2-- classified_as -->O3 O1-- classified_as -->O2 O4( _ ) class O4 event; O4-- type -->O4_0[Destruction] class O4_0 classstyle; O4-- _label -->O4_2("''Destruction of Le Peintre''") class O4_2 literal; O5( _ ) class O5 timespan; O5-- type -->O5_0[TimeSpan] class O5_0 classstyle; O5-- begin_of_the_begin -->O5_2("''1998-09-02T22:20:00Z''") class O5_2 literal; O5-- end_of_the_end -->O5_3("''1998-09-02T22:40:00Z''") class O5_3 literal; O4-- timespan -->O5 O1-- destroyed_by -->O4

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Cause of Destruction

As discussed above, the same event or activity could be the cause of the destruction of many individual objects. A museum burning down or otherwise being destroyed would destroy many objects, including the building itself. On a smaller scale, an individual destruction could be caused by a particular activity of an individual.

In order to distinguish between the destruction itself and its cause, we use the caused_by relationship between the Destruction and the Activity or Event that caused it. The event should be described and classified as any other event in the model.

Example:

Le Peintre was destroyed because of the plane crashing. (Which also would have caused the destruction of the plane, the death of the crew, passengers and many other consequences)

{
  "@context": "https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json",
  "id": "https://linked.art/example/object/lepeintre/2",
  "type": "HumanMadeObject",
  "_label": "Le Peintre by Picasso",
  "classified_as": [
    {
      "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300033618",
      "type": "Type",
      "_label": "Painting",
      "classified_as": [
        {
          "id": "http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435443",
          "type": "Type",
          "_label": "Type of Work"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "destroyed_by": {
    "type": "Destruction",
    "_label": "Destruction of Le Peintre",
    "timespan": {
      "type": "TimeSpan",
      "begin_of_the_begin": "1998-09-02T22:20:00Z",
      "end_of_the_end": "1998-09-02T22:40:00Z"
    },
    "caused_by": [
      {
        "id": "https://linked.art/example/event/sr111crash",
        "type": "Event",
        "_label": "Crash of Swiss Air 111"
      }
    ]
  }
}

graph TD classDef object stroke:black,fill:#E1BA9C,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef actor stroke:black,fill:#FFBDCA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef type stroke:red,fill:#FAB565,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef name stroke:orange,fill:#FEF3BA,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef dims stroke:black,fill:#c6c6c6,rx:20px,ry:20px; classDef infoobj stroke:#907010,fill:#fffa40,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef timespan stroke:blue,fill:#ddfffe,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef place stroke:#3a7a3a,fill:#aff090,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef event stroke:#1010FF,fill:#96e0f6,rx:20px,ry:20px classDef literal stroke:black,fill:#f0f0e0; classDef classstyle stroke:black,fill:white; O1(object/lepeintre/2) class O1 object; O1-- type -->O1_0[HumanMadeObject] class O1_0 classstyle; O1-- _label -->O1_4("''Le Peintre by Picasso''") class O1_4 literal; O2(aat:300033618) class O2 type; O2-- type -->O2_0[Type] class O2_0 classstyle; O2-- _label -->O2_3("''Painting''") class O2_3 literal; O3(aat:300435443) class O3 type; O3-- type -->O3_0[Type] class O3_0 classstyle; O3-- _label -->O3_3("''Type of Work''") class O3_3 literal; O2-- classified_as -->O3 O1-- classified_as -->O2 O4( _ ) class O4 event; O4-- type -->O4_0[Destruction] class O4_0 classstyle; O4-- _label -->O4_2("''Destruction of Le Peintre''") class O4_2 literal; O5( _ ) class O5 timespan; O5-- type -->O5_0[TimeSpan] class O5_0 classstyle; O5-- begin_of_the_begin -->O5_2("''1998-09-02T22:20:00Z''") class O5_2 literal; O5-- end_of_the_end -->O5_3("''1998-09-02T22:40:00Z''") class O5_3 literal; O4-- timespan -->O5 O6(event/sr111crash) class O6 event; O6-- type -->O6_0[Event] class O6_0 classstyle; O6-- _label -->O6_3("''Crash of Swiss Air 111''") class O6_3 literal; O4-- caused_by -->O6 O1-- destroyed_by -->O4

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Object Production and Destruction

Introduction

Base Production Activity

Techniques and Classifications

Techniques

Multiple Artists (with Different Roles)

Objects Related to the Production

Inspirations, Studies or Copies

Reproduction from an Identifiable Source

Cause of Production

Unidentified or Unknown Artist

Attribution Qualifiers

Influenced By an Artist

Attribution of a Group Related to an Artist

Uncertain or Changing Attributions

Production by Removal

Discovery versus Production

Destruction

Cause of Destruction